MINGGU 5 TERJEMAHAN JADUAL
NUR NADIAH NADHIRAH (197003) NUR ASIAH ZAHIRAH (197832)
Macro Structure |
Global meaning of a replaceable text |
From a topic or theme of text |
Superstructure |
A frame of a text such as the introduction, |
Content, closing and conclusion |
Micro Structure |
The local meaning of an observable text |
From the choice of words, format and styles worn by a text |
Figure 1: The Theory of Analysis of Critical Discourse by vanDijk (1977)
| Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)
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| |
Textual Analysis | Practical Discourse Analysis | Social Practical Analysis | |
Grammar | Intertectuality | Economics | |
· Theme Lexical · Metaphor | · Pre-assumptions · Metawacana · Disclaimer | Education Political | |
Coherent · Repetition · Conjunction | Interdiscusation · Narrative · Debate · Expository · Expressive |
| |
Figure 2: Critical Discourse Analytics Theory by Fairclough (1995)
| POLITENESS STRATEGY |
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Bald on-record Example: Ready! Listen here.... Give me that big basket. The light is green. Invite in. Invite meals. |
| Positive Politeness Example: You look sad. May I help you Can I borrow a hundred dollars? I will follow you to the, if you don't mind. |
Negative Politeness Maybe he's the one who took that box, maybe! Please give me that white plate. If so, a little instruction is not required? Throwing empty bottles everywhere is not allowed. |
| Off-record Yeah, the cooler in this room. Expensively correct shoe prices here. Beautiful your shirt. |
Figure 3: Politeness Strategy by Brown & Levinson (1987)
Discourse Analysis Approach (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b) | ||||
PRE-ASSUMPTIONS | EMOTIONAL | CULTURAL VALUES | LANGUAGES | INFERENCE |
1. Intuition 2. Context · Acceptance/ Disclaimer · Requirements · Persuasion · Anafora · Repetition · Ambiguity · Assertion | 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Emotions Mixed
· Temperament · Personality · Mood · Motivation | 1. Self 2. Society 3. Custom · Honest, sincere, kind, loving, hardworking, gratitude, simplicity · Independent, high-spirited, courageous, physical and mental hygiene, politeness · Respect, cooperation, community spirit · Justice, freedom, rationality | 1. First / second / third language 2. Formal / informal 3. Language errors 4. Linguistics | 1. Overall summary 2. Summary of discussion topics 3. Closing words |
Figure 4: Discourse Analysis Approach Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)
| Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d) |
|
Content 1. Theme | Context 1. Grammar 2. Background 3. Emotions | Assumptions 1. Opinion 2. References 3. Problems |
Figure 5: Theory of Discourse Analysis
Table 2: Content in Social Stories
Title | Text | Theme | Samples/Materials | Type |
Grandmother and Grandfather | Short story | Family | Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim | Storytelling |
I am Special | Short story | Family | Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim | Storytelling |
Family | Short story | Family | Mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim | Storytelling |
Hearts | Short story | Community | Mother, teacher, Alim, friends | Storytelling |
Neighbour | Short story | Family | Mother, Madinah, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim | Storytelling |
Table 3: Context in the Model of Storytelling Social Values Through Children's Stories
Title | Grammar | Background | Emotions |
Family | The use of easy words and sentences that are suitable for all including special children | Mother and father's house | Happy, missed, |
Self | The use of easy words and sentences that are suitable for all including special children | Inside and outside the house, school | Happy |
I'm Special | The use of easy words and sentences that are suitable for all including special children | Mother and father's house |
|
I know | The use of easy words and sentences that are suitable for all including special children | Inside and outside the house | Gloomy, sad, sympathetic |
I understand | The use of easy words and sentences that are suitable for all including special children | Homes, schools or in public places | Happy, sympathetic, caring |
Table 4: Context in Social Stories
Title | Grammar | Background | Emotions |
Grandma and Grandpa | The use of easy words and sentences that are suitable for all including special children | Grandmother and grandfather village | Happy, longing, sad, angry, confused, satisfied |
I am Special | The use of easy words and sentences that are suitable for all including special children | Mother and father's house | Happy, satisfied, sad |
Family | The use of easy words and sentences that are suitable for all including special children | Mother and father's house | Happy, restless |
Heart | The use of easy words and sentences that are suitable for all including special children | School, home, neighbors | Happy |
Neighbour | Easy and suitable use of words and verses (the use of easy words and sentences that are suitable) for all including privileged special children | Home of parents and neighbors | Happy, sympathetic, caring, sad |
Table 5: List of Social Values in Social Stories
Social Story Title | Social Values |
Grandmother and Grandfather | Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincere, honesty, kindness, family, patience |
I'm a Special One | Kind, sincere, help, take care, responsibility |
My Family | Kind, patient, help, sincere, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality |
Hearts | Kind, love, caring, sincere, honest, shared, grateful, respectful, hardworking |
Neighbors | Kind, responsibility, loving, rationality, care, sincere, honest, confident, neighborhood |
Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei Scott (1997) |
Avoidance or Reduction Strategy |
1. Ignoring / Leaving messages 2. Topic avoidance |
Achievement or Compensatory Strategies |
3.Paraphrase (Circumlocution) 4.Apprehension 5.Use of all-purpose words 6.Create a new word (Word-coinage) 7.Restructuring/Use of non-linguistic means 8.Literal translation 9.Internationalization 10.Change of code 11.Request help, explanation, confirmation or make guesses/ Appeal for help Stalling |
Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Postponement or Extra Time Strategy |
12. Use of words without meaning/Use of fillers/marker strategy (hesitation devices) Strategy |
Figure 7: Communication Strategies Taxonomy by Dornyei Scott (1997)
Table 6 : Communication Strategy
Communication Strategy | Frequency |
1. Abbreviation 2. New words with no meaning 3. Disclaimer/ discrepancy 4. Questions 5. Repetition 6. References 7. Self-correction 8. Different topics/message ignorance 9. Interval 10. Postponement 11. Literal translation 12. Language exchange 13. Imagination 14. Politeness 15. Paraphrasing 16. Asking for help | 15 4 10 6 8 13 5 4 8 6 4 4 5 4 4
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